The Ad Hoc
Website Modernization Field Guide

Illustration of three layers of paper with icons of a computer, crane, clipboard, and trash can emanating from the layers.
Photo of Saul Rodriguez
Written by:

Saul Rodriguez

Building modern websites for government

Websites should be fast, accessible, easy to use, and easy to maintain. But too often, government websites are outdated, hard to navigate, and expensive to update. At Ad Hoc, we take a human-centered, iterative approach to modernizing websites, ensuring they meet user needs, follow best practices, and remain flexible for future improvements.

Government agencies embarking on modernization efforts face unique challenges: fragmented legacy systems, competing stakeholder priorities, and evolving compliance standards. This field guide speaks directly to the pain points we’ve seen working with states where government leaders seek to streamline services, improve accessibility, and provide users with a "no wrong door" experience.

We don’t just build websites—we help government agencies develop sustainable, user-friendly platforms that make government work better for everyone. If you're facing digital service fragmentation, accessibility gaps, or integration headaches, this guide will help you identify what’s wrong and how to fix it.

Common challenges

Strategies and approaches to overcoming some of the most common challenges in website modernization:


Users can’t find what they need

Many government websites are built piecemeal over decades, leading to inconsistent navigation, buried information, and frustrating user experiences. Too often, these websites are structured around the internal organization of the agency rather than how users actually seek information. As a result, residents must navigate agency-specific terminology, unclear menus, and multiple disconnected websites to find services. Constituents often need to search multiple pages—or even visit different agency sites—to find a simple answer. This creates confusion, increases customer support calls, and erodes public trust in state government.

What’s happening?

  • Content is buried under too many layers of navigation
  • The site doesn’t prioritize the most common user tasks
  • Navigation is structured around internal agency organization rather than user needs
  • Search functionality is weak or non-existent

How to fix it

  • Conduct a content audit and prioritize the most common user tasks
  • Use structured information architecture and intuitive navigation based on user needs
  • Implement a robust search experience with a dedicated results page

The site is slow and unresponsive

Many government websites struggle with performance issues, frustrating users who expect modern, fast-loading experiences. Whether it’s outdated technology, bloated pages, or unoptimized images, slow sites create barriers for users—especially those on mobile devices or in rural areas with limited connectivity. The longer it takes for a page to load, the more likely users are to abandon their task, leading to incomplete applications, missed deadlines, and more interactions with customer service.

Poor performance is often the result of multiple factors, including inefficient front-end frameworks, unoptimized assets, and third-party scripts that load before they are needed. One of the major performance improvements we frequently make is deferring the loading of non-essential third-party scripts—such as analytics tools, chat widgets, and social media integrations—until after the primary content and core functionality has loaded. This significantly improves user experience because critical content is accessible immediately.

What’s happening?

  • Large images, heavy JavaScript, or inefficient code are dragging down performance
  • The site isn’t optimized for mobile, despite most users accessing it on phones
  • Third-party scripts (e.g., analytics, chat, external widgets) load before core content
  • The hosting platform isn’t configured for performance and scalability

How to fix it

  • Optimize images and assets using modern formats like WebP or AVIF
  • Use performance conscious front-end frameworks with small bundle sizes (e.g., SvelteKit)
  • Defer loading third-party scripts and non-essential assets until main content has rendered
  • Leverage a cloud-based hosting platform for better speed and reliability

The site isn’t accessible

Government agencies must serve all residents, including those with disabilities. Unfortunately, many legacy websites were not designed with accessibility compliance in mind, making it difficult for users who rely on assistive technologies like screen readers. Low contrast, missing alt text, and keyboard navigation issues prevent people from accessing critical government services. When websites don’t meet accessibility standards, agencies face legal risks, compliance penalties, and—most importantly—exclusion of the very users they aim to serve.

What’s happening?

  • The website doesn’t meet WCAG 2.1 AA standards
  • Navigation for screen reader users is poor because site design didn’t account for them
  • Color contrast, alt text, and keyboard navigation aren’t properly implemented

How to fix it

  • Conduct accessibility audits and usability testing
  • Follow best practices from the U.S. Web Design System (USWDS)
  • Automate accessibility checks in your CI/CD pipeline using tools like axe-core

Content updates are slow and difficult

Outdated and difficult-to-update content plagues many government websites. Often, agencies rely on IT teams to make simple text changes, leading to bottlenecks and outdated information remaining live for months. Without a clear governance model, different departments may use inconsistent content styles, leading to confusion for users. When updating a web page is cumbersome, agencies struggle to keep up with changing policies, emergency communications, and evolving user needs.

To address this, agencies need a streamlined content governance model, intuitive editorial tools, and a publishing workflow that empowers non-technical users to make updates efficiently.

What’s happening?

  • The Content Management System (CMS) is hard to use or requires developer intervention
  • There are no clear governance processes for content updates
  • Different teams are working in silos, leading to inconsistencies

How to fix it

  • Use a CMS with an intuitive interface that empower non-technical users to make updates
  • Define clear workflows for content review, approval, and publishing to prevent bottlenecks
  • Train content managers on best practices for structured content, accessibility, and SEO
  • Where appropriate, consider a headless CMS to improve content organization, reusability, and performance

Security and maintenance are a nightmare

Security breaches, outdated software, and a lack of proactive monitoring leave many government websites vulnerable to cyberattacks. With legacy systems that were not built to handle today’s security threats, agencies often struggle with compliance and risk management. A lack of automated updates and monitoring means vulnerabilities can go undetected for months, increasing the likelihood of data breaches or site outages that disrupt critical services.

What’s happening?

  • The site is running on an outdated tech stack with security vulnerabilities
  • There’s no clear process for monitoring uptime and performance
  • Deployments are manual, risky, and slow

How to fix it

  • Migrate to a modern, cloud-hosted environment with automated scaling
  • Implement automated testing, security scans, and monitoring
  • Use infrastructure as code (IaC) for consistent, repeatable deployments

Our approach to website modernization

Government agencies often need more than just a website refresh—they require a strategic overhaul that aligns their digital services with user expectations. Our approach is designed to address the most pressing concerns governments face today: accessibility, integration, stakeholder management, and long-term sustainability.

Our experiences with the Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry (LDAF) and Chesapeake Conservancy have reinforced key insights that inform our modernization strategies:

  • User needs should drive decisions: By embedding research and usability testing from the start, we ensure that modernized websites actually work for the people who rely on them.
  • A modular, flexible architecture is key: Legacy systems don’t need to be replaced all at once. We take an incremental, API-first approach to modernization, helping agencies move at their own pace while delivering immediate value.
  • Change management is critical: A great website is useless if internal teams don’t know how to maintain it. We empower agencies with training, governance models, and scalable processes to sustain their new digital services over time.

How a typical engagement works

Each state government engagement follows a structured yet flexible process that allows us to tailor modernization efforts to unique agency needs while applying best practices from across our work. We partner with agencies at every stage to ensure modernization is sustainable, effective, and built around user needs.

1. Discovery and research

We begin each engagement by understanding the landscape. This means working closely with agency leadership, IT teams, content owners, and frontline staff to ensure we align on goals, pain points, and opportunities. Our research includes:

  • Conducting stakeholder workshops to gather perspectives on existing challenges and future vision
  • Interviewing end users—citizens, agency employees, and service providers—to uncover real-world needs
  • Performing a full content and technology audit to assess the current state of the website and backend systems
  • Reviewing accessibility compliance, security posture, and integration requirements
  • Analyzing existing service delivery workflows to identify inefficiencies and roadblocks

By grounding our work in well-researched qualitative and quantitative data, we ensure that modernization efforts are based on actual user needs rather than assumptions and suspicions. However, research does not end with this phase. We use feedback from activities like usability testing and analytics reviews to revisit our decisions and refine the user experience. This ensures that as the site evolves, it remains aligned with user needs and agency goals.


2. Strategy development and roadmap creation

Once we have a clear picture of the current state, we co-develop a strategy with the state agency, outlining key modernization goals, priorities, and milestones. This includes:

  • Defining a phased approach to minimize disruption and ensure measurable progress
  • Identifying quick wins—improvements that can be implemented rapidly to deliver immediate value
  • Establishing long-term governance models to ensure sustainable content and platform management
  • Recommending technology choices based on agency needs, whether that’s migrating to a headless CMS, integrating with existing databases, or adopting a low-code platform for rapid service development
  • Setting up user research and testing plans to validate decisions at each stage

With a well-defined roadmap in place, we ensure that the future modernization efforts are structured, achievable, and aligned with agency priorities.


3. Design, prototyping and user testing

From here we move into our iterative design and prototyping approach, using human-centered design principles to ensure services are intuitive and compliant with accessibility requirements. This phase includes:

  • Co-creating wireframes and prototypes with agency teams, ensuring alignment with state branding and content guidelines
  • Conducting usability tests with real users to refine and validate designs before development
  • Implementing a content strategy that prioritizes clarity, usability, and accessibility requirements
  • Establishing a design system that supports consistency across all agency websites and digital properties
  • Training internal teams on content governance, accessibility standards, and best practices for digital service delivery

Throughout this process, we facilitate working sessions with agency stakeholders to ensure buy-in, alignment, and readiness for implementation.


4. Development and implementation

Once designs and architecture decisions are validated, we begin building the modernized platform. Our development process is rooted in agile best practices, ensuring transparency, flexibility, and rapid iteration. This includes:

  • Using cloud-native infrastructure (AWS, Azure, GCP) to ensure security, scalability, and resilience
  • Implementing API-driven architectures that allow seamless integration with existing state databases and systems
  • Developing modular, reusable components to streamline future updates and additional agency integrations
  • Automating accessibility compliance and security testing to ensure compliance with WCAG, state, and federal requirements
  • Delivering in iterative cycles, ensuring each release is tested and validated with real users

We prioritize delivering early, functional releases rather than waiting for a “big bang” launch, allowing agencies to see immediate improvements and adjust based on user feedback.


5. Training, transition and support

A successful modernization effort goes beyond launch—it requires equipping agencies with the tools, knowledge, and processes to maintain and evolve their digital services. In this phase, we:

  • Provide hands-on training for state IT and content teams on maintaining the platform and making updates independently
  • Establish long-term monitoring and performance tracking to measure success and identify areas for improvement
  • Offer guidance on content governance and accessibility compliance to ensure high-quality, user-friendly experiences sustain over time
  • Support change management efforts, ensuring smooth adoption across internal teams and external partners

Our goal is not just to build a modern website but to empower agencies with sustainable, adaptable digital infrastructure that continues to evolve alongside user needs.


6. Continuous improvement and optimization

After launch, we work with agencies to ensure ongoing success through:

  • User analytics to measure effectiveness and identify areas for improvement
  • A/B testing to optimize content and user flows based on real-world behavior
  • Regular accessibility compliance and security audits to maintain compliance and prevent regressions
  • Iterative enhancements based on stakeholder feedback and evolving policy needs

By embedding a culture of continuous improvement, we help states maintain and grow their digital services without falling into another decade-long modernization slog.

Why Partner with Ad Hoc?

Government agencies are facing increased pressure to modernize, but not all technology partners understand the complexities of government service delivery. Ad Hoc brings:

  • Deep expertise in human-centered design and agile government delivery
  • Proven experience integrating legacy systems with modern digital platforms
  • A strategic approach that balances rapid improvement with long-term sustainability
  • A commitment to accessibility, security, and seamless user experiences

Let’s work together to build the future of digital government. Get in touch.